A Few Propositions Concerning The Concepts ‘Face Of The Earth,' ‘Urban Development,' and ‘Art’ [Original in English. Summary notes of‘Le visage de la terre,’ lecture held at the 23rd Association Internationale des Critiques d’Art, Amsterdam, 22 September, 1971] 1 The change in the ‘face of the earth’ has historically been accompanied by conflict among men, the struggle for power between man and man, between group and group. There­fore the changes in the appearance of the earth, although brought by men, are almost always brought about at the ex­pense of other men. Thus the urbanization of North Amer­ica, for example, cannot be dissociated from the extermi­nation of the Indians.[concern with the face of the earth: unitary urbanism, not talking about a singular city but to the extension of the network of heterogeneous singularities that cover the surface of the earth-it connects to the idea of architecture as scaffolding- as surface-but in a total way(underneath the surface...)] 2 The historic moment when the face of the earth will be subject to a systematic change in accordance with the wishes and needs of humanity as a whole can only be realized by a world-wide revolution which will put an end to the situa­tion where men have power over men. The condition for this, i.e. the main issue at stake, is the socialization of the earth’s surface and all its means of production. 3 Without this prospect of revolution, it is impossible to arrive at a value-judgment of the numerous forms of con­struction and destruction that together bring about a change in the face of the earth. ‘Change’ in itself can be no criterion for the interests of humanity, not even a criterion for crea­tivity, as long as the effect of the intervention does not come under human control. The impending atomic devas­tation, which would cause the greatest change in the face of the earth that we can imagine, would also signify the ab­solute zero of human creativity. 4 In looking at changes on a smaller scale — for example so-called ‘town and country planning’ within the area of a country like Holland — we see that neither the wishes or interests of the population, nor even the creativity of the planners, play a decisive role in the ‘planning.’ On the con­trary, the redistribution of Dutch soil is determined by financial interests. Holland is, in terms of the relationship between its surface-area and size of population, the most densely populated country in the world. This has led, in a short span of years, to such a deterioration in environmen­tal conditions that the population has taken up arms in pro­test. The pollution of air, water and soil has become of a direct threat to human life, both here and in other industrial countries. This threat can only be removed by removing its cause, i.e. by an international rationalization of production, which is possible only if the means of production become common property. 5 The slum-clearance programs in town-centers in Hol­land and other industrial countries lead in effect to a de­portation of the population to areas further away where land is for the time being cheaper, to an unrooting of the inhabitants and a conscious destruction of their traditional environment for the benefit of land speculators. This state of affairs is a direct consequence of the continued existence of land-ownership and of the fact that the development of the land is determined by the returns on the value of the property. If this tendency is allowed to continue indefinite­ly we shall be able to look forward to a future where Dutch soil has become too expensive for Dutchmen to live on it, and a forced emigration will take place to cheaper land elsewhere.[capitalist absorbtion of living space] 6 The withdrawal of land from man’s use, the ‘dehumani­zation’ of the earth such as is happening at the moment in industrial countries, means, in effect, the absorbing of avail­able living space, an appropriation similar to that which Marx, ridiculing Adam Smith, called ‘the so-called original accumulation’ in Das Kapital. Indeed, we can nowadays talk of an ‘original accumulation’ of space in the sense Marx meant it — the deprivation of the weak by the strong. For example, space originally collectively used, such as streets and squares in towns now overrun by motor-traffic, is now slowly becoming the exclusive domain of parked vehicles. This space is eventually annexed by municipal authorities and subsequently let out as parking space or turned over to car-parks. 7 The enlisting of the help of artists to design new urban development schemes may benefit the aesthetic quality of these areas, but cannot offer a substitute for a lost environment. [art]An environmental atmosphere fit to live in is the re­sult of the relation between material surroundings and the behavior pattern of the inhabitants, a relationship which can be frustrating as well as stimulating. It is conceivable that artists could have a stimulating role to play in close co­operation with the population. The initiative would, however, have to come from the people themselves, and that implies a freedom that does not yet exist.[artist could have a stimulating role- but people's initiative is fundamental] 8 The traditional role of the artist as a specialist in creativ­ity goes hand in hand with a social structure in which the creative urge of the majority of the people is thwarted by the struggle for existence. Automation offers material op­portunities for the establishment of a society where man is free of this struggle, where he no longer needs to spend his energy on nothing more than keeping body and soul to­gether. In such a society, creativity will no longer be the ex­ception but common practice, which means that creative activity will no longer need to be directed at producing ob­jects — ‘works of art’ — that stand outside daily life. Instead, daily life itself, including the environmental conditions of daily life, will become the object of creative change. 9 Although artistic experiments such as ‘happening,’ ‘en­vironment,’ and ‘land-art’ indicate that artists are already feeling the need to collectivize the creative process, there is evidence that such experiments are doomed from the out­set as long as they remain mere spectacle, i.e. as long as they are not the product of a real collective. Only then will we be able to talk in terms of a transformation of environ­ment and not, as is now the case, of the transformation of a visual object brought about by one or more individuals for passive observers. [discussion individualist/collectivist approach]Environmental change can only be brought about by the participation of all those concerned, as an essential part of every-day life. However, collective creativity, like that of the individual, is dependent on freedom. Collective freedom can only be based on collective ownership, ownership of the means of production that make this freedom possible. 10 Post-revolutionary freedom, based on the full profit of an automated production apparatus for the whole of hu­manity, will allow a creative potential to develop which will defy comparison with any previous culture. The mass-culture of an era of leisure will be of a completely new type, compared with which earlier class-structured cultures will seem insignificant.